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BMW · 2007–2015 · N54, N55, N52
60k–160k mi (peaks ~90k)
$800–$1,400
Population range — not a quote for your car.
Cooling system
Radiators, water pumps, plastic coolant fittings, head-gasket-adjacent failures. Where the slow drips turn into engine kills.
Major patterns are wallet events — repairs in the four-figure range that re-shape the math on a quote or a purchase decision.
Vehicles outside this population may exhibit the same symptoms for unrelated reasons. The engine resolves down to your specific VIN before applying this pattern to a Verdict.
The window above is where most documented failures cluster. Vehicles past the tail aren’t immune — but they’ve statistically aged out of the high-density band.
A symptom matching this list isn’t a diagnosis — it’s a flag. The Verdict engine cross-checks symptoms against your VIN’s recall history and the failure window to weigh the probability.
If any of these have been performed on the affected vehicle, the engine reduces the failure-mode deduction accordingly. Documentation matters — “the previous owner said” isn’t the same as a receipt.
Water pump + thermostat replacement as a pair
root cause fix
$800–$1,400
This is the documented dollar range we see across affected vehicles. Quotes outside this band — high or low — get flagged in a Verdict.
Base deduction−5 on the 0–100 scale.
Each entry traces to documented sources — recall bulletins, regulator complaints, manufacturer service bulletins. Not forum chatter.
The encyclopedia tells you what’s documented across the population. The Verdict tells you what it means for your specific year, mileage, and recall status.